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The stained glass window at Chartres Cathedral portrays Roland attempting to break his sword against the rock to prevent it from falling into enemy hands, while sounding his oliphant horn to call for help from the emperor, even though it is already too late.

Charlemagne’s Defeat in the Pyrenees - Xabier Irujo

The Battle of Errozabal (Rencesvals) is the one of the most significant historical events of eighth century Vasconia and in all Western Europe. This monograph examines Charlemagne’s campaign from the perspective of military history but also as part of a complex socio-political process that began after the Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 711 and culminated with the creation of the Kingdom of Pamplona in 824.

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